{"id":2873,"date":"2017-07-05T14:57:25","date_gmt":"2017-07-05T14:57:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/document\/policy-analgesia-animals-undergoing-surgery\/"},"modified":"2025-04-28T14:17:57","modified_gmt":"2025-04-28T18:17:57","slug":"policy-analgesia-animals-undergoing-surgery","status":"publish","type":"document","link":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/policies\/policy-analgesia-animals-undergoing-surgery\/","title":{"rendered":"Policy On Analgesia in Animals Undergoing Surgery"},"template":"","categories":[5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19],"tags":[],"content-type":[32],"topic":[34,25],"update-type":[],"class_list":["post-2873","document","type-document","status-publish","hentry","category-cats","category-chickens-avian","category-cows","category-dogs","category-ferrets","category-fish-amphibians-and-reptiles","category-guinea-pigs","category-hamsters","category-mice","category-other-rodents","category-primates","category-rabbits","category-rats","category-sheep","category-swine","content-type-policies","topic-anesthesia-and-analgesia","topic-surgery"],"acf":{"use_legacy_editor":true,"updated_date":"2024-03-18 00:00:00","update_notice":true,"author":"Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee","summary":"This policy has been created to minimize pain and distress to animals undergoing surgical procedures for research, teaching, and testing by providing the minimum analgesic<\/a> duration that is acceptable for various surgical procedures.","button_links":null,"related_content":[3410,3407,3404,3484,2985],"legacy_path":"policy-analgesia-animals-undergoing-surgery","legacy_node_id":15,"legacy_related_nids":"155, 18","legacy_content_section":[{"legacy_section_type":"heading","legacy_heading":"Background","legacy_subheading":"","legacy_section_text":"","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"text_area","legacy_heading":"","legacy_subheading":"","legacy_section_text":"The USDA Animal Welfare Act Regulations require procedures to \u201cbe performed with appropriate sedatives, analgesics or anesthetics, unless withholding such agents is justified for scientific reasons, in writing, by the principal investigator and will continue only for the necessary period of time\u201d1<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/a>,\u00a0but the assessment of pain and distress in animals is difficult and can be subjective.\r\n\r\nAs such, and according to the U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training<\/em><\/a>, \u201cunless the contrary is established, investigators should consider that procedures that cause pain or distress in human beings may cause pain or distress in other animals.\u201d2<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/a>","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"heading","legacy_heading":"Applicability","legacy_subheading":"","legacy_section_text":"","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"text_area","legacy_heading":"","legacy_subheading":"","legacy_section_text":"

This policy is applicable to all animal activities conducted under the auspices of the University and applies to all locations under the purview of the U-M IACUC.<\/p>","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"heading","legacy_heading":"Glossary Definitions","legacy_subheading":"","legacy_section_text":"","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"glossary_terms","legacy_heading":"","legacy_subheading":"","legacy_section_text":"","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":[2525,2539,2583,2630],"legacy_glossary_nids":"1196, 1210, 1255, 1306","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"heading","legacy_heading":"Policy","legacy_subheading":"","legacy_section_text":"","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"text_area","legacy_heading":"","legacy_subheading":"","legacy_section_text":"Surgical procedures that require withholding analgesics must be justified for scientific reasons in the IACUC<\/a> approved animal use protocol.\r\n\r\nThe table below, developed by veterinarians as an assessment tool, standardizes pain relief requirements for surgical procedures based on the procedure's level of invasiveness. Any surgical analgesic regimen described in the IACUC<\/a> approved animal use protocol must follow, at a minimum, the expectations outlined in the table.\r\n\r\nAdditionally, depending on the nature and invasiveness of a surgical procedure, the ULAM<\/a> veterinarians may require additional analgesics to be added to the protocol. If pain persists after the required analgesia is provided, or other complications arise, a ULAM veterinarian must be consulted.","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"heading","legacy_heading":"Minimum Analgesic Duration Based on Surgery Invasiveness","legacy_subheading":"","legacy_section_text":"","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"text_area","legacy_heading":"","legacy_subheading":"","legacy_section_text":"\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
CLASSIFICATION<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\r\nType I Surgery<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSurgical procedures that require use of preemptive analgesia, such as single dose of a systemic analgesic<\/a> or a local anesthetic (i.e., bupivacaine).\r\n\r\nThough some anesthetic agents have analgesic properties, the duration of that analgesia should not solely be relied upon to sufficiently treat post-operative pain.<\/td>\r\nType II Surgery<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSurgical procedures that require use of preemptive analgesia<\/a> and a minimum of approximately 24 hours of postoperative analgesia.\r\n\r\nSystemic analgesia should be used and can be combined with local anesthesia<\/a>.<\/td>\r\nType III Surgery<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSurgical procedures that require use of preemptive analgesia and a minimum of approximately 48 hours of postoperative analgesia.\r\n\r\nMultimodal analgesia<\/a> is recommended.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
PROCEDURE<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\r\nSkin incision without deeper tissue manipulation<\/strong>\r\n\r\nExamples:<\/em>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  • Skin biopsy<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Tracheal injection<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n
Skin incision and deeper tissue manipulation<\/strong>\r\n\r\nExamples:<\/em>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  • Subcutaneous implantation with creation of a pocket such as for a pellet, pump, or tissue<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Muscle incision<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Muscle biopsy<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Vessel cannulation<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Vessel biopsy<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Castration<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Vasectomy<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Oral soft tissue manipulation<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Craniotomy with minor soft tissue manipulation and small bone defect or hole<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Laparotomy with minor flank incisions<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Laparoscopic surgeries<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n
Any surgical procedure not included as Type I or Type II<\/strong>\r\n\r\nExamples:<\/em>\r\n