{"id":2906,"date":"2025-06-13T11:14:02","date_gmt":"2025-06-13T15:14:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/document\/guidelines-anesthesia-and-analgesia-mice\/"},"modified":"2026-01-28T13:33:41","modified_gmt":"2026-01-28T18:33:41","slug":"guidelines-anesthesia-and-analgesia-mice","status":"publish","type":"document","link":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/guidelines\/guidelines-anesthesia-and-analgesia-mice\/","title":{"rendered":"Guidelines on Anesthesia and Analgesia in Mice"},"template":"","categories":[13],"tags":[],"content-type":[39],"topic":[34],"update-type":[],"class_list":["post-2906","document","type-document","status-publish","hentry","category-mice","content-type-guidelines","topic-anesthesia-and-analgesia"],"acf":{"use_legacy_editor":true,"updated_date":"2026-01-23 00:00:00","update_notice":true,"author":"Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine","summary":"This document has been designed by the ULAM veterinary personnel as a guideline for sedation<\/a>, anesthesia<\/a>, and analgesia<\/a> of laboratory mice. This is not intended to be an inclusive tutorial on all possible drug combinations that can be used in mice. The following guidelines are also general recommendations and consequently do not include reference to specific research associated concerns.\r\n\r\nAll surgical procedures, anesthetics, analgesics, antibiotics or other medications used on animals must be approved by the IACUC<\/a>, described in the animal use protocol and performed by personnel listed on the protocol and appropriately trained for the surgical procedure. Any techniques or drug protocols deviating from this document must be justified and approved in the IACUC protocol prior to application.","button_links":null,"related_content":[2985,2973,2913,2891,2873],"legacy_path":"guidelines-anesthesia-and-analgesia-mice","legacy_node_id":51,"legacy_related_nids":"137, 123, 58, 36, 15, 1048","legacy_content_section":[{"legacy_section_type":"heading","legacy_heading":"Responsibility","legacy_subheading":"","legacy_section_text":"","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"text_area","legacy_heading":"","legacy_subheading":"","legacy_section_text":"
    \r\n \t
  1. Principal Investigator<\/strong>: Responsible to ensure appropriate anesthesia and\/or analgesia is provided for all rodents undergoing painful procedures including rodent survival surgery unless otherwise indicated in the relevant approved protocol.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"heading","legacy_heading":"Glossary Definitions","legacy_subheading":"","legacy_section_text":"","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"glossary_terms","legacy_heading":"","legacy_subheading":"","legacy_section_text":"","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":[2425,2405,2404,2393,2690,2799],"legacy_glossary_nids":"1093, 1072, 1071, 1060, 1371, 1560","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"heading","legacy_heading":"Procedures","legacy_subheading":"","legacy_section_text":"","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"text_area_with_subheading","legacy_heading":"","legacy_subheading":"1. Prior to Anesthetic\/Analgesic\/Sedative Event","legacy_section_text":"
      \r\n \t
    1. Newly arrived animals should have an acclimation period of at least 3 days prior to anesthesia<\/a> or sedation<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t
    2. Age and body weight should be considered when designing an A\/A<\/a> plan.<\/li>\r\n \t
    3. Pre-anesthetic fasting is usually not necessary in rodents. If pre-anesthetic fasting is required:\r\n
        \r\n \t
      1. The fasting period must be limited to 2-3 hours and no longer due to the higher metabolism in mice.<\/li>\r\n \t
      2. Water should\u00a0NEVER<\/strong>\u00a0be restricted.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
      3. Apply sterile non-medicated ophthalmic ointment to the eyes to prevent corneal drying during anesthesia or sedation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"text_area_with_subheading","legacy_heading":"","legacy_subheading":"2. Routes of Administration","legacy_section_text":"
          \r\n \t
        1. More detailed information regarding injection techniques and maximum quantities safely administered to mice can be found in Guidelines on Administration of Substances to Laboratory Animals<\/a><\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"text_area_with_subheading","legacy_heading":"","legacy_subheading":"3. Normal Monitoring Parameters","legacy_section_text":"
            \r\n \t
          1. More information on anesthetic\/sedation monitoring requirements can found in the Anesthesia and Sedation Monitoring Guidelines<\/a><\/em>.\r\n
              \r\n \t
            1. Respiratory rate should be 55 - 100 breaths\/min.\r\n
                \r\n \t
              1. A drop in respiratory rate of 50% can be normal during anesthesia.<\/li>\r\n \t
              2. Respiratory pattern can be used to monitor anesthesia.\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                1. Deep and <55 breaths\/min: the animal may be too deep.<\/li>\r\n \t
                2. Shallow and >100 breaths\/min: the animal may be too light.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                3. Pulse rate should be 300 - 500 beats\/min.<\/li>\r\n \t
                4. Normal temperature ranges while under anesthesia fall between 36.0\u00b0C and 38.0\u00b0C\u00a0(96.8\u00b0F \u2013 100.4\u00b0F).<\/li>\r\n \t
                5. Mucus membrane color should be pink. Never pale white or blue.\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  1. Normal capillary refill time (CRT) is < 2 seconds.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"text_area_with_subheading","legacy_heading":"","legacy_subheading":"4. Recovery","legacy_section_text":"
                      \r\n \t
                    1. Visibly observe and monitor\u00a0every 15 minutes during recovery from anesthesia until the animal is fully ambulatory.\r\n
                        \r\n \t
                      1. Animals that received alpha-2 agonists (dexmedetomidine, xylazine) as part of anesthetic protocol can receive a reversal agent\u00a0to expedite recovery.\r\n
                          \r\n \t
                        1. See Table 6 below for recommended doses.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                        2. Recover rodents:\r\n
                            \r\n \t
                          1. Individually until fully ambulatory to avoid cannibalism by cage mates; the recommended method.<\/li>\r\n \t
                          2. In clean cages without bedding to limit the possibility of tracheal foreign body obstruction or aspiration pneumonia.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                          3. Monitoring parameters and thermal supplementation should be continued throughout the recovery period.\r\n
                              \r\n \t
                            1. See\u00a0Anesthesia and Sedation Monitoring Guidelines<\/a><\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0Guidelines on the Performance of Surgery in Rodents<\/a><\/em>\u00a0for more information on post-operative monitoring and appropriate thermal support devices.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                            2. Maintain animals in the surgery area to facilitate appropriate monitoring during the recovery period.<\/li>\r\n \t
                            3. Maintain support following anesthesia\u00a0as soon as the animal is recovered to facilitate the recuperation process.\r\n
                                \r\n \t
                              1. Moist chow, regular chow, or diet gel should be provided on the cage floor to encourage eating as soon as possible.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"text_area_with_subheading","legacy_heading":"","legacy_subheading":"5. Anesthetics","legacy_section_text":"
                                  \r\n \t
                                1. Detailed information on all approved anesthetics and sedatives can be found in\u00a0Anesthesia and Analgesia Drug Descriptions<\/a>.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t
                                2. Table 1: Anticholinergics\r\n<\/strong><\/strong>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                  Drug<\/strong><\/th>\r\nDosage and Routea<\/sup><\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
                                  Atropine<\/td>\r\n0.04 - 0.10 mg\/kg SC<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                  Glycopyrrolate<\/td>\r\n0.01 - 0.02 mg\/kg SC<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

                                  a<\/sup><\/strong>Subcutaneous (SC)<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

                                3. Table 2: Inhalant Anesthetics Used in Mice\r\n<\/strong><\/strong>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                  Drug<\/strong><\/th>\r\nDosage<\/strong><\/th>\r\nComments<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
                                  Isoflurane\r\nRecommended<\/strong><\/td>\r\nTo effect, typically:\r\n4 - 5% for induction\r\n1 - 2% for maintenance<\/td>\r\nRequires use of a calibrated vaporizer<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                  Isoflurane<\/td>\r\n300\u00b5L on gauze placed in a 500ml container<\/td>\r\n\r\n
                                    \r\n \t
                                  • Chamber induction for brief anesthesia for procedures<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  • Gauze must be protected so animal cannot come into contact with isoflurane<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  • Use a container that allows animals to be visible during induction<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  • Use a container made of a material that can be sanitized<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                  Sevoflurane<\/td>\r\nTo effect, typically:\r\n4 - 7% for Induction\r\n2 - 4% for maintenance<\/td>\r\nRequires use of a calibrated vaporizer<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
                                    \r\n \t
                                  1. Table 3: Injectable Anesthetics Used in Mice\r\n<\/strong><\/strong>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                    Drug<\/strong><\/th>\r\nDosage and Routea<\/sup><\/strong><\/th>\r\nDuration of Anesthesia<\/strong><\/th>\r\nComments<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
                                    Dissociatives<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Ketamine\r\n+ Xylazine\r\nRecommended<\/strong><\/td>\r\n80 - 120 mg\/kg ket. IP\r\n+ 5 - 10 mg\/kg xyl. IP<\/td>\r\n30 - 45 minutes<\/td>\r\nRe-dose with 1\/3 of Ketamine dose<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Ketamine\r\n+ Xylazine\r\n+ Acepromazine<\/td>\r\n80 - 100 mg\/kg ket IP\r\n+ 5 - 10 mg\/kg xyl IP\r\n+ 1 mg\/kg ace IP<\/td>\r\n40 minutes<\/td>\r\nRe-dose with 1\/2 of Ketamine dose, or 1\/4 of ketamine dose & 1\/4 xylazine dose<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Ketamine + Dexmedetomidine<\/td>\r\n50 - 75 mg\/kg IP\r\n+ 0.5 - 5 mg\/kg IP<\/td>\r\n20 - 30 minutes<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Barbituates<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Pentobarbital<\/td>\r\n30 - 40 mg\/kg IP sedation\r\n40 - 60 mg\/kg IP anesthesia<\/td>\r\n10 - 300 minutes<\/td>\r\nRespiratory depression \/ poor analgesia<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Other<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Propofol<\/td>\r\n12 - 26 mg\/kg IV<\/td>\r\n5 - 7 minutes<\/td>\r\nTitrate as needed<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

                                    a<\/sup><\/strong>Intraperitoneal (IP), Intravenous (IV)<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                                      \r\n \t
                                    1. Table 4: Injectable Sedatives Used in Mice\r\n<\/strong><\/strong>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                      Drug<\/strong><\/th>\r\nDosage and Routea<\/sup><\/strong><\/th>\r\nDuration of Anesthesia<\/strong><\/th>\r\nComments<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
                                      Ketamine\r\n+ Diazepam<\/td>\r\n100 mg\/kg ket IP\r\n+ 5 mg\/kg dia. IP<\/td>\r\n20 - 30 minutes<\/td>\r\nSedation \/ immobilization<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                      Ketamine\r\n+ Midazolam<\/td>\r\n100 mg\/kg ket IP\r\n+ 5 mg\/kg mid. IP<\/td>\r\n20 - 30 minutes<\/td>\r\nImmobilization<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                      Ketamine\r\n+\u00a0Acepromazine<\/td>\r\n100 mg\/kg ket IP\r\n+ 5 mg\/kg ace IP<\/td>\r\n20 - 30 minutes<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                      Ketamine<\/td>\r\n100 - 200 mg\/kg IP<\/td>\r\nUnproven<\/td>\r\nPoor muscle relaxation \/ mild analgesia<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

                                      a<\/sup><\/strong>Intraperitoneal (IP<\/em>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                                        \r\n \t
                                      1. Table 5: Injectable Anesthetics Requiring Scientific Justification and IACUC Approval\r\n<\/strong><\/strong>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                        Drug<\/strong><\/th>\r\nDosage and Routea<\/sup><\/strong><\/th>\r\nDuration of Anesthesia<\/strong><\/th>\r\nComments<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
                                        Alpha-chloralose<\/td>\r\n114 mg\/kg IP<\/td>\r\nUnproven<\/td>\r\n5% concentration\r\nNon-survival procedures<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                        Chloral hydrate<\/td>\r\n400 mg\/kg IP<\/td>\r\nUnproven<\/td>\r\nNon-survival procedures<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                        Tribromoethanol<\/td>\r\n125 - 250 mg\/kg IP<\/td>\r\n30 - 45 minutes<\/td>\r\nAvoid re-dosing<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

                                        a<\/sup><\/strong>Intraperitoneal (IP)<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                                          \r\n \t
                                        1. Table 6: Injectable Reversal Agents\r\n<\/strong><\/strong>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                          Drug<\/strong><\/th>\r\nDosage and Routea<\/sup><\/strong><\/th>\r\nReversal Agent For<\/strong><\/th>\r\nComments<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
                                          Atipamezole<\/td>\r\n0.5 - 1.0 mg\/kg IP, IM or SC<\/td>\r\nDexmedetomidine or Xylazine<\/td>\r\nPreferred reversal agent for Alpha-2 agonists<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                          Yohimbine<\/td>\r\n1.0 - 2.0 mg\/kg IP or SC<\/td>\r\nXylazine<\/td>\r\nLess effective than Atipamezole<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

                                          a<\/sup><\/strong>Intraperitoneal (IP), Intramuscular (IM), Subcutaneous (SC)<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"text_area_with_subheading","legacy_heading":"","legacy_subheading":"6. Analgesia","legacy_section_text":"

                                            \r\n \t
                                          1. Unrelieved pain can have profound negative physiologic consequences, which may alter research results.\r\n
                                              \r\n \t
                                            1. Mice show a variety of responses to pain, some of which may be fairly subtle and easily missed on casual examination.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                            2. Pain evaluation in mice consists of evaluating behavioral and physiologic parameters (see Table 7<\/strong>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                            3. The IACUC requires pre-emptive analgesia<\/a> (analgesics given prior to the first skin incision) unless otherwise justified in the protocol.\r\n
                                                \r\n \t
                                              1. Requirements for analgesic coverage differ depending on the classification of surgery as Type I, II, or III.\r\n
                                                  \r\n \t
                                                1. See the Policy on Analgesia in Animals Undergoing Surgery<\/a> <\/em>for updated surgical classifications and analgesia requirements.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                2. The use of buprenorphine as a pre-emptive analgesic may decrease the amount of required anesthetic drugs, due to buprenorphine's sedative and respiratory depressant effects.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                3. See Table 8<\/strong> for mice analgesics.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                4. Table 7: Pain Evaluation Parameters\r\n<\/strong><\/strong>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                                  Behavioral Signs<\/strong><\/th>\r\nPhysiologic Indicators<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
                                                  Reluctance to move<\/td>\r\nElevated blood pressure<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                  Hunched posture<\/td>\r\nElevated heart rate<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                  Social isolation<\/td>\r\nElevated respiratory rate<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                  Decreased appetite<\/td>\r\nChanges in body temperature<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                  Decreased grooming<\/td>\r\nDilated pupils<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                  Aggression<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                  Self-mutilation<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                  Decreased nest building (see\u00a0Appendix A<\/strong>)<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                  Facial expressions (see\u00a0Appendix A)<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
                                                    \r\n \t
                                                  1. Table 8: Analgesics Used in Mice\r\n<\/strong><\/strong>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                                    Drug<\/strong><\/th>\r\nDosea<\/sup><\/strong><\/th>\r\nDuration<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
                                                    Buprenorphine<\/td>\r\n0.05 - 0.1 mg\/kg SC or IP<\/td>\r\n4 - 8\u00a0hours<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                    Buprenorphine extended-release (Ethiqa XR\u00ae)<\/td>\r\n3.25 mg\/kg SC<\/td>\r\n48 hours<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                    Buprenorphine sustained-release (Bup-SR)b,c,d<\/sup><\/td>\r\n0.5-1.0 mg\/kg SC<\/td>\r\n48-72 hours<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                    Buprenorphine extended-release (Bup ER\u00ae)b,c,f <\/sup><\/td>\r\n5 mg\/kg SQ<\/td>\r\n72-96+ hours<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                    Buprenorphine long-acting transdermal (Zorbium\u00ae)e <\/sup><\/td>\r\n10 mg\/kg TD<\/td>\r\n48-72 hours<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                    Carprofen<\/td>\r\n5 mg\/kg SC or IP<\/td>\r\n24 hours<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                    Flunixin<\/td>\r\n2.5 mg\/kg SC<\/td>\r\n12 - 24 hours<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                    Meloxicam<\/td>\r\n2-5 mg\/kg PO or SC<\/td>\r\n12 - 24 hours<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                    Ketoprofen<\/td>\r\n2 - 5mg\/kg SC<\/td>\r\n12 - 24 hours<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

                                                    a<\/sup><\/strong>Subcutaneous (SC), Intraperitoneal (IP), Oral (PO), Transdermal (TD)<\/em><\/span>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                                                    b<\/sup><\/strong>This formulation of sustained-release buprenorphine does not require refrigeration.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

                                                    c<\/sup><\/strong>There have been reports of animals developing skin nodules and skin lesions following administration. Lesions may be minimized by avoidance of intradermal administration or injection outside of the subcutaneous space \u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

                                                    d<\/sup><\/strong>Due to the drug\u2019s viscosity, we recommend drawing up the drug in a 1 cc syringe using a 18 g needle and then switching to a smaller needle, such as a 25-28 g before administration into the animal. Administer slowly and pinch the injection site for 10 seconds following needle removal.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

                                                    e<\/sup><\/strong>This formulation is dosed directly onto the skin along the nape of the neck. Shaving is not needed.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

                                                    f<\/sup>This formulation can be withdrawn with small gauge needles. We recommend using an insulin syringe and a 27-30 g needle for administration. Due to small volumes <0.05 ml, a 0.3 ml insulin syringe or similar is recommended to assist with visualization of dose volume. Administer slowly into subcutaneous space.<\/span><\/em><\/p>","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"text_area_with_subheading","legacy_heading":"","legacy_subheading":"7. Local Anesthetics","legacy_section_text":"

                                                      \r\n \t
                                                    1. Lidocaine and bupivacaine are the two most commonly used local anesthetics<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                    2. Table 9: Local Anesthetics Used in Mice\r\n<\/strong><\/strong>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                                      Drug<\/strong><\/th>\r\nDosage and Routea<\/sup><\/strong><\/th>\r\nDuration of Anesthesia<\/strong><\/th>\r\nComments<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
                                                      Lidocaine<\/td>\r\n4 mg\/kg SC (0.4 ml\/kg of a 1% solution)<\/td>\r\n1.5 - 2 hours<\/td>\r\nRapid onset (1 - 2 min)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                      Bupivacaine<\/td>\r\n1 - 2 mg\/kg SC (0.4 - 0.8 ml\/kg of a 0.25% solution)<\/td>\r\n4 - 12 hours<\/td>\r\nSlower onset (5 - 10 min)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

                                                      a<\/sup><\/strong>Subcutaneous (SC)<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                                                        \r\n \t
                                                      1. These doses<\/a> can be diluted in sterile water to provide a larger injection volume. These injectable anesthetics are most routinely administered in subcutaneous tissues near the site of the incision to be made.\r\n
                                                          \r\n \t
                                                        1. Administration can be performed in a \"line block,\" in which the subcutaneous tissue proximal to the incision site is infiltrated with anesthetic in a linear fashion.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                        2. Administration can be performed in a \"ring block,\"\u00a0where subcutaneous tissue around the incision site is infiltrated circumferentially.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                        3. High plasma concentrations of lidocaine or bupivacaine can cause cardiovascular effects (e.g., hypotension, dysrhythmias) and central nervous system depression followed by seizures. To avoid these adverse consequences:\r\n
                                                            \r\n \t
                                                          1. Weigh each animal individually and only give the maximum safe dose calculated for that individual.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                          2. Aspirate the syringe prior to injection to ensure that IV injection is avoided.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                          3. Local anesthetics are available in a variety of concentrations with or without epinephrine. Epinephrine causes vasoconstriction and prolongs the action of the local anesthetic. Epinephrine should not be used in animals are suspected to have compromised cardiac function, or in locations that have poor collateral blood flow (distal tail, paw, etc.).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"text_area_with_subheading","legacy_heading":"","legacy_subheading":"8. Neonatal Rodent Anesthesia","legacy_section_text":"
                                                              \r\n \t
                                                            1. A mouse neonate is defined as < 10 days of age. There are several anesthetic methods currently presented in the literature for use in neonatal rodents and include:\r\n
                                                                \r\n \t
                                                              1. Injectable<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                              2. Inhalant<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                              3. Physical methods<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                              4. Injectable anesthetics have been associated with a high mortality in neonatal rodents. Do not use injectable anesthetics in neonatal mice <7 days old.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                              5. Inhalant anesthetics in neonatal rodents have been associated with longer induction and recovery times than adult rodents with inhalant anesthetics.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                              6. Hypothermia is the primary physical method utilized in neonatal rodent anesthesia.\r\n
                                                                  \r\n \t
                                                                1. It is believed to provide anesthesia\/analgesia by decreasing neural conduction and synaptic transmission.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                2. Hypothermia can only be performed in neonatal rodents <6 days old and should not be used for procedures lasting longer than 30 min.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                3. Ensure a barrier is between the neonate and the cooling agent (e.g. bed of crushed ice or chilled cold pack) at all times to prevent direct damage to the tissues; examples include:\r\n
                                                                    \r\n \t
                                                                  1. Placing a latex covering over the cooling agent.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                  2. Placing the neonate in a cut off finger of a latex glove.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                  3. Placing the neonate in a paper-lined test tube.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                  4. Check the neonate for pedal reflex indicating proper plane of anesthesia.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                  5. Maintain the neonate on a cooling agent for the procedure.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                  6. Use fiber optic lighting for the surgical field as incandescent bulbs may warm the neonate.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                  7. Re-warm the neonate slowly following hypothermia anesthesia<\/a>.\r\n
                                                                      \r\n \t
                                                                    1. Rapid warming can cause tissue damage.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                    2. Use of a circulating water heating pad set at 40 \u00baC (104\u00baF) or in an incubator set at 33 \u00baC (91.4\u00baF) is recommended.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                    3. Return neonate to dam once are able to crawl.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                    4. Parental cannibalism can occur with neonates after anesthesia. Follow the below steps to reduce the occurrence of cannibalism in anesthetized neonates, if possible:\r\n
                                                                        \r\n \t
                                                                      1. Ensure the neonate is fully recovered before returning to the dam.\r\n
                                                                          \r\n \t
                                                                        1. Smear the neonate with soiled bedding from the mother's cage.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                        2. Place the neonate back in the middle of the litter<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                        3. Table 10: Inhalant Anesthetics in Neonatal Mice\r\n<\/strong><\/strong>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                                                          Stage of Anesthesia<\/strong><\/th>\r\nRoute<\/strong><\/th>\r\nOxygen (L\/min)<\/strong><\/th>\r\nIsoflurane (%)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
                                                                          Induction<\/td>\r\nMask or Chamber<\/td>\r\n0.5 - 1<\/td>\r\n4 - 5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                                          Maintenance<\/td>\r\nMask<\/td>\r\n0.5 - 1<\/td>\r\n1 - 2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nNote:<\/strong>\u00a0Neonates typically require a higher inhalant anesthetic dose than that observed in adults.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
                                                                            \r\n \t
                                                                          1. Table 11: Injectable Anesthetics in Neonatal Mice\r\n<\/strong><\/strong>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                                                            Drug<\/strong><\/th>\r\nDosage and Route<\/strong><\/th>\r\nDuration of Action<\/strong><\/th>\r\nComments<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
                                                                            Ketamine\r\n+ Xylazine<\/td>\r\n50 - 150 mg\/kg (K)\r\n+ 5 - 10 mg\/kg (X) IPa<\/strong><\/sup>\u00a0or SCb<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\r\n20 - 40 minutes<\/td>\r\nOnly to be used in mice greater than 7 days old<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

                                                                            a<\/sup><\/strong>Intraperitoneal (IP): 27g needle, 1 ml syringe;, maximum volume 0.5ml<\/em>\r\nb<\/sup><\/strong>Subcutaneous (SC): 27g needle, 1 ml syringe, maximum volume 1 ml<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"text_area_with_subheading","legacy_heading":"","legacy_subheading":"9. Neonatal Rodent Analgesia","legacy_section_text":"

                                                                              \r\n \t
                                                                            1. There is little information regarding the efficacy and dose ranges for the use of analgesics in neonates<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                            2. Some data suggest that unalleviated pain in neonates can alter responses to pain and stress later in life.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                            3. Investigate the literature on neonatal analgesia<\/a>\u00a0when a project involving neonatal surgeries and procedures is started, if possible. (LaPrairie and Murphy, 2010; Sternberg et al., 2005; Victoria et al., 2013a,b, 2014; LaPrairie et al., 2008; Walker et al., 2009)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"text_area_with_subheading","legacy_heading":"","legacy_subheading":"10. Emergency Resuscitation","legacy_section_text":"
                                                                                \r\n \t
                                                                              1. Respiratory depression can be treated by the administration of doxapram 5-10mg\/kg IV or IP.\r\n
                                                                                  \r\n \t
                                                                                1. If respiratory depression reoccurs, the doxapram should be administered repeatedly at approximately 10-15 minute intervals.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                                2. Supportive care for animals which reach too deep a level of anesthesia includes:\r\n
                                                                                    \r\n \t
                                                                                  1. Decreasing or discontinuing inhalant anesthetic.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                                  2. Stimulating the animal by gentle manipulation of the body.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                                  3. Raising the body temperature to normal.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                                  4. Providing supplemental oxygen through a facemask or nose-cone.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                                                  5. Administering reversal agents of anesthetic drugs, if applicable. See Table 6 above.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"heading","legacy_heading":"Appendix A: ULAM Assessment of Pain in Mice Handout","legacy_subheading":"","legacy_section_text":"","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"link_button","legacy_heading":"","legacy_subheading":"","legacy_section_text":"","legacy_media_position":"media-full","legacy_media_file":3122,"legacy_media_url":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/embedded\/ULAM%20Assessment%20of%20Pain%20in%20Mice%20Handout.pdf","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":[{"legacy_button":{"title":"ULAM Assessment of Pain in Mice Handout","url":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/01\/ULAM-Assessment-of-Pain-in-Mice-Handout.pdf","target":""},"legacy_import_link":true}]},{"legacy_section_type":"heading","legacy_heading":"References","legacy_subheading":"","legacy_section_text":"","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null},{"legacy_section_type":"text_area","legacy_heading":"","legacy_subheading":"","legacy_section_text":"
                                                                                      \r\n\t
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                                                                                    2. Arras M, Autenried P, Rettich A, Spaeni D, Rulicke T. 2001. Optimization of intraperitoneal injection anesthesia in mice: drugs, dosages, adverse effects, and anesthesia depth. Comp<\/em> Med<\/em> 51:443-456.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    3. Baumans V, Coke C, Green J, Moreau E, Peterson-Kane E, Reinhardt A, Reinhardt V, Van Loo P eds. Making Lives Easier for Animals in Research Labs, Animal Welfare Institute, Washington, DC, 2007.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    4. Caro AC, Hankenson FC, Marx JO. 2013. Comparison of thermoregulatory devices used during anesthesia of C57BL\/6 mice and correlations between body temperature and physiologic parameters. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci.<\/em>Sep;52(5):577-83.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    5. Cobos EJ, N. Ghasemlou, D. Araldi, D. Segal, K. Duong, C.J. Woolf
                                                                                      \r\n\tInflammation-induced decrease in voluntary wheel running in mice: a nonreflexive test for evaluating inflammatory pain and analgesia. Pain,<\/em> 153 (2012), pp. 876-884<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    6. Clark TS, Clark DD, Hoyt RF Jr. 2014. Pharmacokinetic comparison of sustained-release and standard buprenorphine in mice. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci.<\/em> Jul;53(4):387-91.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    7. Clowry, Gavin. 2000. The successful use of fentanyl\/fluanisone (Hypnorm) as an anesthetic for intracranial surgery in neonatal rats. Laboratory<\/em> Animals<\/em>. 34<\/em>, 260-264.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    8. Danneman, Peggy (1997).Evaluation of Five Agents\/Methods for Anesthesia of Neonatal Rats. Laboratory<\/em> Animal<\/em> Sciences<\/em>. 47<\/em>, 386-395.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    9. Dobromylskyj P, Flecknell PA, Lascelles BD, Pascoe PJ, Taylor P, Waterman-Pearson A. Postoperative and acute pain. In: Flecknell PA, Waterman-Pearson A, editors. Pain management in animals. Saunders, London. 2008.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    10. Flecknell, P. Laboratory Animal Anesthesia, 3rd<\/sup> Edition. Academic Press, 2009.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    11. Flecknell P, Waterman-Pearson eds. Pain Management in Animals, WB Saunders. London, 2000.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    12. Flecknell P, Lofgren JLS, Dyson MC, Marini RR, Swindle MM, Wilson RP. Laboratory Animal Medicine. Chapter 24. 3rd Ed. Academic Press, London, 2015.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    13. Gaertner, DJ, TM Hallman, FC Hankenson, MA Batchelder. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Rodents. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals. Second Edition, Academic Press, CA. 2008.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    14. Gaynor J, Muir W, Handbook of Veterinary Pain Management. 3rd<\/sup> Edition Mosby, St. Louis, Mo, 2014.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    15. Gotoh, Hideo (2004).General Anesthesia of infant mice by isoflurane inhalation for medium-duration surgery. Experimental Animal<\/em>. 53<\/em>, 63-65.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    16. Guarnieri M, Brayton C, DeTolla L, Forbes-McBean N, Sarabia-Estrada R, Zadnik P. 2012. Safety and efficacy of buprenorphine for analgesia in laboratory mice and rats. Lab Animal.<\/em> Nov;41(11):337-43.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    17. Hawk CT, Leary SL, Morris TH editors. Formulary for Laboratory Animals, 3rd Edition, Blackwell Publishing, Ames, Iowa, 2005.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    18. Hrapkiewicz K, Colby K, and Denison, L. Clinical Laboratory Animal Medicine 4th<\/sup> ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2014.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    19. Jaber S, Hankenson FC, Heng K, McKinstry-Wu A, Kelz MB, Marx JO. 2014. Dose Regimens, Variability, and Complications Associated with Using Repeat-Bolus Dosing to Extend a Surgical Plane of Anesthesia in Laboratory Mice. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci.<\/em> 53(6): 684-691.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    20. Jirkof P, Tourvieille A, Cinelli P, Arras M. 2015. Buprenorphine for pain relief in mice: repeated injections vs sustained-release depot formulation. Lab Anim.<\/em> Jul;49(3):177-87.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    21. Jirkof P, Fleischmann T, Cesarovic N, Rettich A, Vogel J, Arras M. 2013. Assessment of postsurgical distress and pain in laboratory mice by nest complexity scoring. Lab Anim.<\/em> Jul;47(3):153-61.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    22. Kendall LV, Hansen RJ, Dorsey K, Kang S, Lunghofer PJ, Gustafson DL. 2014. Pharmacokinetics of sustained-release analgesics in mice. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci.<\/em> Sep;53(5):478-84.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    23. Laprairie, J.L., Murphy, A.Z., 2010. Long-term impact of neonatal injury in male and female rats: sex differences, mechanisms and clinical implications. Front. Neuroendocrinol<\/em>. 31, 193-202.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    24. Laprairie, J.L., Johns, M.E., Murphy, A.Z., 2008. Preemptive morphine analgesia attenuates the long-term consequences of neonatal inflammation in male and female rats. Pediatr. Res<\/em>. 64, 625-630.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    25. Lieggi CC, Fortman JD, Kleps RA, Sethi V, Anderson JA, Brown CE, Artwohl JE. 2005. \"An evaluation of preparation methods and storage conditions of tribromoethanol\" Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science. 44.1. Pg 11-16.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    26. Meyer RE, Fish RE. \"A review of tribromoethanol anesthesia for the production of genetically engineered rats and mice.\" Lab Animal. 34.10 (2005).<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    27. National Institutes of Health, Office of Animal Care and Use: \"Pain and Distress in Mice, Rats, and Rabbits: Responsibilities, Recognition and Alleviation\" updated 7\/2004. http:\/\/oacu.od.nih.gov\/ARAC\/documents\/Pain_and_Distress.pdf<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    28. Negus SS, B. Neddenriep, A.A. Altarifi, F.I. Carroll, M.D. Leitl, L.L. Miller. 2015. Effects of ketoprofen, morphine, and kappa opioids on pain-related depression of nesting in mice. Pain,<\/em> 156, pp. 1153-1160<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    29. Carpenter JW, editor. Exotic animal formulary. 4th<\/sup> edition. Saunders. 2012<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    30. Phifer, C.B. 1986. Use of Hypothermia for General Anesthesia in Preweanling Rodents. Physiology and Behavior<\/em>. 38<\/em>, 887-890.<\/li>\r\n\t
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                                                                                    32. Sternberg, W.F., Scorr, L., Smith, L.D., Ridgway, C.G., Stout, M., 2005. Long-term effects of neonatal surgery on adulthood pain behavior. Pain<\/em> 113, 347-353.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    33. Thaete LG, Levin SI, Dudley AT. 2013. Impact of anaesthetics and analgesics on fetal growth in the mouse. Lab Anim<\/em>. Jul;47(3):175-83<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    34. Tubbs JT, Kissling GE, Travlos GS, Goulding DR, Clark JA, King-Herbert AP, Blankenship-Paris TL. 2011. Effects of buprenorphine, meloxicam, and flunixin meglumine as postoperative analgesia in mice. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci.<\/em>Mar;50(2):185-91.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    35. Victoria, N.C., Inoue, K., Young, L.J., Murphy, A.Z. 2013. Long-term dysregulation of brain corticotrophin and glucocorticoid receptors and stress reactivity by single early-life pain experience in male and female rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology<\/em> 38, 3015-3028.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    36. Victoria, N.C., Inoue, K., Young, L.J., Murphy, A.Z. 2013. A single neonatal injury induces life-long deficits in response to stress. Dev._Neurosci<\/em>. 35, 326-337.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    37. Victoria, N.C., Karom, M.C., Eichenbaum, H., Murphy, A.Z., 2014. Neonatal injury rapidly alters markers of pain and stress in rat pups. Dev. Neurobiol<\/em>. 74, 42-51.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    38. Walker, S.M., Tochiki, K.K., Fitzgerald, M., 2009. Hindpaw incision in early life increases the hyperalgesic response to repeat surgical injury: critical period and dependence on initial afferent activity. Pain<\/em> 147, 99-106.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    39. Wixon, SK and Smiler, KL. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Rodents. In: Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals. DJ Kohn, SK Wixon, WJ White, GJ Benson, Eds., Academic Press, 2008.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    40. Wright-Williams SL, Courade JP, Richardson CA, Roughan JV, Flecknell PA. 2007. Effects of vasectomy surgery and meloxicam treatment on faecal corticosterone levels and behavior in two strains of laboratory mouse. Pain<\/em>. 130(1-2): 108-18.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    41. Zeller W, Meier G, Burki K, Panoussis B. 1998. Adverse effects of tribromoethanol as used in the production of transgenic mice. Laboratory Animal Science<\/em>. 32.4 (1998) Pg 407-413.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                                                    42. Websites regarding neonatal anesthesia:\r\n\t
                                                                                        \r\n\t\t
                                                                                      1. https:\/\/ras.research.cornell.edu\/care\/documents\/ACUPs\/ACUP101.pdf<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<\/ol>\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","legacy_media_position":"","legacy_media_file":"","legacy_media_url":"","legacy_glossary_term":"","legacy_glossary_nids":"","legacy_resource":"","legacy_resource_nids":"","legacy_buttons":null}],"update_notice_type":[51,55,53,54],"update_notice_start":"2026-01-26 21:00:00","update_notice_end":"2026-04-27 21:00:00","update_notice_text_blocks":[{"update_notice_text":"

                                                                                        Summary of Changes<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\r\nProcedure section 6<\/strong> (\u2018Analgesia\u2019): Added the information on Buprenorphine extended-release (Bup ER\u00ae) and related footnotes in Table 8 (\"Analgesics Used in Mice\")."},{"update_notice_text":"

                                                                                        Who is Impacted<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\r\nResearch Staff"},{"update_notice_text":"

                                                                                        Impact<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\r\nA general review of Procedure section 6 (\u2018Analgesia\u2019, Table 8) is recommended."}],"global_contact_block":false,"contact_name":"","contact_email":"","contact_additional_info":"If you have questions or comments about this document, contact\u00a0ULAM Veterinary Staff<\/strong>\u00a0(ULAM-vets@umich.edu<\/a>).\r\n\r\nThe\u00a0ULAM Training Core<\/strong>\u00a0(ULAM-trainingcore@umich.edu<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0734-763-8039<\/strong>) can be contacted to provide training in techniques at no charge.\r\n\r\nFor any concerns regarding animal health after work hours or on holidays\/weekends, contact\u00a0DPSS (3-1131)<\/strong>\u00a0who will contact the on-call veterinarian.","global_contact_block_select":null},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/document\/2906","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/document"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/document"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/document\/2906\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5625,"href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/document\/2906\/revisions\/5625"}],"acf:term":[{"embeddable":true,"taxonomy":"update-type","href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/update-type\/54"},{"embeddable":true,"taxonomy":"update-type","href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/update-type\/53"},{"embeddable":true,"taxonomy":"update-type","href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/update-type\/55"},{"embeddable":true,"taxonomy":"update-type","href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/update-type\/51"}],"acf:post":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/document\/2873"},{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/document\/2891"},{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/document\/2913"},{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/document\/2973"},{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/document\/2985"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2906"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2906"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2906"},{"taxonomy":"content-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content-type?post=2906"},{"taxonomy":"topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic?post=2906"},{"taxonomy":"update-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/az.research.umich.edu\/animalcare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/update-type?post=2906"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}